Osteoporosis lecture on the treatment, symptoms, pathophysiology, prevention, and nursing care (NCLEX review lecture).

Osteoporosis is a disease process that thins the bones to a point that the bone is not strong enough to withstand everyday stress and it breaks/fractures.

The most common type of fracture associated with osteoporosis is called a Colles' fracture. This is a fracture of the lower part of the radius at the wrist.

The pathophysiology of osteoporosis is due to the function of osteoclast activity versus osteoblast activity. In osteoporosis the osteoclasts start to out work the osteoblasts.

Osteoclast consume bone minerals (calcium and phosphorus) within the spongy bone when levels of calcium are too low in the blood stream. This will increase the levels in the blood.

Osteoblasts build up the matrix of the spongy bone by using the excessive amount of calcium and phosphorus present in the bone. The activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts are controlled by various hormones such as: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Calcitonin (produced by the thyroid gland), growth hormone, estrogen, and testosterone.

Risk factors for developing osteoporosis include: low calcium and vitamin D intake, older age, smoking, regular alcohol usage, sedentary lifestyle or immobility, genetics, underweight (BMI less than 19), thin, small frame, medications (glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants).

Sign and symptoms of osteoporosis include: fractures (hip, wrist, spine), rounding hump of the upper back (Dowager's Hump), asymptomatic, loss of inches of height from young adulthood height (2-3 inches), lower back or neck pain.

A DEXA scan is commonly used to assess the presence of osteoporosis. This measures the bone's density with x-ray imaging.

Osteoporosis treatment includes: further prevention with weight-bearing exercises, smoking cessation, healthy diet that is rich in calcium and vitamin D, low alcohol intake, medications (bisphosphonates etc.)

Nursing care for osteoporosis includes: safety (preventing further fractures), education on medication and prevention, assessing for signs and symptoms/risk factors, and monitoring for side effects of medications.

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Notes: http://www.registerednursern.com/osteoporosis-nclex-review/

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