Another way to gain an understanding of leadership is to examine the various roles carried out by leaders. A role in this context is an expected set of activities or behaviors stemming from one’s job. Leadership roles are a subset of the managerial roles studied by Henry Mintzberg and others. Leading is a complex activity, so it is not surprising that Mintzberg and other researchers identified ten roles that can be classified as part of the leadership function of management.

Leaders, particularly high-ranking managers, spend some part of their time engaging in ceremonial activities, or acting as a figurehead. When a manager acts as a spokesperson, the emphasis is on answering letters or inquiries and formally reporting to individuals and groups outside the manager’s direct organizational unit. Part of almost any manager’s job description is trying to make deals with others for needed resources.

An effective leader takes the time to coach and motivate team members, and sometimes to inspire large groups of people inside the organization. A key aspect of a leader’s role is to build an effective team. Related to the team-builder role is that of the team player. It is particularly important for supervisors and middle managers to help team members solve technical problems.

Although not self-employed, managers who work in large organizations have some responsibility for suggesting innovative ideas or furthering the business aspects of the firm. Top-level managers develop strategy, usually assisted by input from others throughout the organization. The strategist role is concerned with shaping the future of the organization, or a unit within the larger organization.