Action research is a change process based on the systematic collection and interpretation of data. Its value is in providing a scientific methodology for managing planned change. Action research consists of five steps: diagnosis, analysis, feedback, action, and evaluation. The change agent, often an outside consultant in action research, begins by gathering information about problems, concerns, and needed changes from members of the organization.

Diagnosis is followed by analysis. What problems do people focus on? What patterns do these problems seem to take? The change agent synthesizes this information into primary concerns, problem areas, and possible actions. The third step—feedback—requires sharing with employees what has been found from the first and second steps. The employees, with the help of the change agent, develop action plans for bringing about needed change. Now the action part of action research is set in motion. The employees and the change agent carry out the specific actions they have identified to correct the problem.

The final step, consistent with the scientific underpinnings of action research, is evaluation of the action plan’s effectiveness, using the initial data gathered as a benchmark. Because action research engages employees so thoroughly in the process, it reduces resistance to change. Once employees have actively participated, the process typically takes on a momentum of its own.