Standardization is the key concept that underlies all bureaucracies. They all rely on standardized work processes for coordination and control. The bureaucracy is characterized by highly routine operating tasks achieved through specialization. Bureaucracy incorporates all the strongest degrees of departmentalization described earlier. Putting like specialties together in units results in economies of scale, minimum duplication, and a common language employees all share.

There is little need for innovative and experienced decision makers below the level of senior executives, because rules and regulations substitute for managerial discretion. The other major weakness of a bureaucracy is something we’ve all witnessed: obsessive concern with following the rules. When cases don’t fit the rules precisely, there is no room for modification. The bureaucracy is efficient only if employees confront problems with programmed decision rules.