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Tok Pisin
Native to: Papua New Guinea
Native speakers: 120,000 (2004), 4 million L2 speakers
Language family: English Creole
Tok Pisin (from tok ‘talk’ + pisin ‘pidgin’) is an English-based creole spoken by 122,000 people as a first language and by 4 million people as a second language primarily in the northern part of Papua New Guinea (PNG). It is also known as Pisin, Pidgin, Neomelanesian, New Guinea Pidgin English, and Melanesian English (Ethnologue).
When laborers from the Pacific islands who spoke many different languages worked side-by-side on sugar plantations in Queensland, Australia and Samoa, they did not have a common language. As a result, they developed an English-based pidgin which also borrowed words from Portuguese and German, as well as from various Austronesian languages. When the plantation workers returnedmap to their homelands, they brought the new pidgin with them. It became known as Tok Pisin in New Guinea, Bislama in Vanuatu, and Pijin in the Solomon Islands.
Status
The constitution of Papua New Guinea (PNG) recognizes Tok Pisin as a national language, along with Hiri Motu and English. English is more widely used for official business but Tok Pisin serves as a lingua franca for speakers of PNG’s 820 different languages. It is the first language of people residing in mixed urban areas who pass it on to their children, and the second language of over 4 million people country-wide. Although many people feel that Tok Pisin is inferior to English, most accept it as a separate language, important for PNG’s national identity.
Until recently, English was the official language of education in PNG, although Tok Pisin was widely used in community and church-run pre-schools and vocational schools. Today, however, communities can choose the language for use in the first three years of elementary education. Many choose Tok Pisin.
Tok Pisin is also used in Radio Australia’s Tok Pisin broadcasts. There is a weekly Tok Pisin newspaper Wantok (‘one talk’) , and many government publications are also in Tok Pisin. The language is widely used in mass media and religious services.
Dialects
There are dialect variations in Tok Pisin between New Guinea lowlands, highlands, and the islands characterized by differences in grammar vocabulary and accents. Some varieties show more English influence than others.