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Caipira dialect
Native to: Rural areas of São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná
Native speakers: Unknown. There are about 6 million rural inhabitants in the linguistic area.
Language family: Indo-European (Romance)
The Caipira Brazilian Portuguese dialect (from Old Tupi: ka'apir or kaa-pira, which means 'bush cutter') is a Brazilian Portuguese dialect spoken in the State of São Paulo and adjacent parts of neighbouring Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Paraná.
The formation of the Caipira dialect began with the arrival of the Portuguese in São Vicente in the sixteenth century. Ongoing research points to several influences, such as Galician-Portuguese, represented in some archaic aspects of the dialect, and the língua geral paulista ('São Paulo General Language'), a Tupian Portuguese-like creole codified by the Jesuits. The westward colonial expansion by the Bandeirantes expedition spread the dialect throughout a dialectal and cultural continuum called Paulistania in the provinces of São Paulo, Mato Grosso (later, Mato Grosso do Sul and Rondônia), Goiás (with the Federal District), and Minas Gerais.
One of the main phonologic features is the postalveolar or retroflex 'r' approximants ([ɹ̠ ~ ɻ]) in the syllable coda (the consonant 'r' after the syllable nucleous). Its origin may be traced back when either the Tupian or Jê people, having difficulties to pronounce the European Portuguese voiced alveolar tap /ɾ/, came up with the Caipira hallmark.
In the 1920s, the scholar Amadeu Amaral published a grammar and predicted the imminent death of the Caipira dialect, caused by urbanization and the coming wave of mass immigration resulting from the monoculture of coffee. However, the dialect survived in rural subculture, with music, folk stories (causos), and a substratum in city-dwellers' speech, recorded by folklorists and linguists.