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Phrygian
Region: Central Anatolia (now Turkey)
Extinct: After the 5th century AD
Language family: Indo-European (?) Graeco-Phrygian

was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, spoken in Anatolia, present-day Turkey, during Classical Antiquity (c. 8th century BC to 5th century AD).

Phrygian is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek. The similarity of some Phrygian words to Greek ones was observed by Plato in his Cratylus (410a).

The Phrygian epigraphical material is divided into two distinct subcorpora, namely the Old Phrygian and the New Phrygian. This division is due to the fact that they both attest different stages of the Phrygian language, they are inscribed with different alphabets and upon different materials, and the geographical distribution of the findings differs.

The Old Phrygian subcorpus consists of 395 inscriptions that are found across Anatolia (and beyond). They were inscribed using the Phrygian alphabet and dated approximately between 800 and 330 BCE. The CIPPh (Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes - Brixhe and Lejeune - 1984) and its supplements (Brixhe 2002a and 2004a) contain most of the known Old Phrygian inscriptions. CIPPh divided the material into epigraphical areas denoted by the initials of the respective locations. Thus we have the initials, M- for Midas City, W- for West Phrygia, B- for Bithynia, G- for Gordion, C- for Central Phrygia, P- for Pteria, T- for Tyana, NW- for North-West Phrygia (Dorylaion), Dd- for Divers Documents and HP- for Hors de Phrygie. Texts not considered by Brixhe are restricted to three seals, namely two graffiti from Kerkenes Dağ and one isolated graffito on an orthostat. Thus a new area was later designated, namely K- for Kerkenes Dağ.

The New Phrygian subcorpus consists of 117 funerary inscriptions, that were mostly curses against desecrators added after a Greek epitaph. In contrast to the Old Phrygian inscriptions, the New Phrygian inscriptions were inscribed using the Greek alphabet and were greatly restricted in terms of their geographical distribution, essentially just found in central Anatolia or more precisely the western part of ancient Phrygia. They are dated approximately between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE. Most of the New Phrygian inscriptions have now been lost, so they are only known through the testimony of the first compilers. The traditional designations of the New Phrygian inscriptions consist of a number assigned to mark the time of discovery, following Ramsay’s example. However, in the case of Obrador-Cursach the inscriptions have been arranged according to the place in which they were found with each city having a designated number, followed by a second number for each individual inscription.

A third division, namely Middle Phrygian, is sometimes also considered. It is represented by a single inscription (W-11) found in Dokimeion. It is a Phrygian epitaph consisting of six hexametric verses written in eight lines, and dated to the end of the 4th century BCE, following the Macedonian conquest. It is considered the first Phrygian text to be inscribed with the Greek alphabet. Its phraseology has some echoes of the Old Phrygian epitaph B-07 but it anticipates phonetic and spelling features found in the New Phrygian subcorpus. Some graffiti from Gordion, namely G-226 (4th or 3rd c. BCE), G-244 (3rd c. BCE) and G-158 (ca. 200 BCE), are ambiguous in terms of the alphabet used as well as their linguistic stage, and could perhaps also be added to this Middle Phrygian subcorpus

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