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Chapters

0:00 Introduction
0:47 What is Migraine?
1:02 What are the types of migraine?
1:15 What is migraine with aura?
1:39 What are the symptoms of migraine with aura?
3:08 What are the episodic symptoms of migraine without aura?
3:31 Other types of migraines
3:41 Hemiplegic migraine
3:52 Abdominal migraine
4:05 Opthalmic migraine
4:22 Migraine with brainstem aura
4:35 Menstrual migraine



Migraine (UK: /ˈmiːɡreɪn/, US: /ˈmaɪ-/)[12][13] is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches.[1] Typically, the associated headache affects one side of the head, is pulsating in nature, may be moderate to severe in intensity, and could last from a few hours to three days.[1] Non-headache symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light, sound, or smell.[2] The pain is generally made worse by physical activity during an attack,[14] although regular physical exercise may prevent future attacks.[15] Up to one-third of people affected have aura: typically, it is a short period of visual disturbance that signals that the headache will soon occur.[14] Occasionally, aura can occur with little or no headache following, but not everyone has this symptom.[16]

Migraine is believed to be due to a mixture of environmental and genetic factors.[3] About two-thirds of cases run in families.[5] Changing hormone levels may also play a role, as migraine affects slightly more boys than girls before puberty and two to three times more women than men.[4][17] The risk of migraine usually decreases during pregnancy and after menopause.[4][18] The underlying mechanisms are not fully known.[18] They are, however, believed to involve the nerves and blood vessels of the brain.[5]

Initial recommended treatment is with simple pain medication such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) for the headache, medication for the nausea, and the avoidance of triggers.[10] Specific medications such as triptans or ergotamines may be used in those for whom simple pain medications are not effective.[5] Caffeine in combination with other analgesics is safe and effective in treatment of acute migraine.[19][20][21] A number of medications are useful to prevent attacks including metoprolol, valproate, and topiramate.[8][9]