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Chapters

0:00 Introduction
0:43 Types of Vitiligo
1:20 Symptoms of Vitiligo
1:46 Causes of Vitiligo
2:37 Diagnosis of Vitiligo
2:50 Treatment of Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a long-term skin condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment.[1] The patches of skin affected become white and usually have sharp margins.[1] The hair from the skin may also become white.[1] The inside of the mouth and nose may also be involved.[2] Typically both sides of the body are affected.[1] Often the patches begin on areas of skin that are exposed to the sun.[2] It is more noticeable in people with dark skin.[2] Vitiligo may result in psychological stress and those affected are sometimes stigmatized.[1]

The exact cause of vitiligo is unknown.[1] It is believed to be due to genetic susceptibility that is triggered by an environmental factor such that an autoimmune disease occurs.[1][2] This results in the destruction of skin pigment cells.[2] Risk factors include a family history of the condition or other autoimmune diseases, such as hyperthyroidism, alopecia areata, and pernicious anemia.[2] It is not contagious.[4] Vitiligo is classified into two main types: segmental and non-segmental.[1] Most cases are non-segmental, meaning they affect both sides; and in these cases, the affected area of the skin typically expands with time.[1] About 10% of cases are segmental, meaning they mostly involve one side of the body; and in these cases, the affected area of the skin typically does not expand with time.[1] Diagnosis can be confirmed by tissue biopsy.[2]

There is no known cure for vitiligo.[1] For those with light skin, sunscreen and makeup are all that is typically recommended.[1] Other treatment options may include steroid creams or phototherapy to darken the light patches.[2] Alternatively, efforts to lighten the unaffected skin, such as with hydroquinone, may be tried.[2] Several surgical options are available for those who do not improve with other measures.[2] A combination of treatments generally has better outcomes.[3] Counselling to provide emotional support may be useful.[1]

Globally about 1% of people are affected by vitiligo.[3] In some populations it affects as many as 2–3%.[5] Males and females are equally affected.[1] About half show the disorder before age 20 and most develop it before age 40.[1] Vitiligo has been described since ancient history.[1]