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Chapters

0:00 Introduction
0:24 Causes of bleeding
0:59 medical conditions
1:35 medicine
2:02 Treatment
2:29 medical emergency





Bleeding, also known as a hemorrhage, haemorrhage, or simply blood loss, is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels.[1] Bleeding can occur internally, or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, vagina or anus, or through a wound in the skin. Hypovolemia is a massive decrease in blood volume, and death by excessive loss of blood is referred to as exsanguination.[2] Typically, a healthy person can endure a loss of 10–15% of the total blood volume without serious medical difficulties (by comparison, blood donation typically takes 8–10% of the donor's blood volume).[3] The stopping or controlling of bleeding is called hemostasis and is an important part of both first aid and surgery. The use of cyanoacrylate glue to prevent bleeding and seal battle wounds was designed and first used in the Vietnam War. Today many medical treatments use a medical version of "super glue" instead of using traditional stitches used for small wounds that need to be closed at the skin level. Upper head
Intracranial hemorrhage – bleeding in the skull.
Cerebral hemorrhage – a type of intracranial hemorrhage, bleeding within the brain tissue itself.
Intracerebral hemorrhage – bleeding in the brain caused by the rupture of a blood vessel within the head. See also hemorrhagic stroke.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) implies the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space from some pathologic process. The common medical use of the term SAH refers to the nontraumatic types of hemorrhages, usually from rupture of a berry aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation(AVM). The scope of this article is limited to these nontraumatic hemorrhages.
Eyes
Subconjunctival hemorrhage – bloody eye arising from a broken blood vessel in the sclera (whites of the eyes). Often the result of strain, including sneezing, coughing, vomiting or other kind of strain
Nose
Epistaxis – nosebleed
Mouth
Tooth eruption – losing a tooth
Hematemesis – vomiting fresh blood
Hemoptysis – coughing up blood from the lungs
Lungs
Pulmonary hemorrhage
Gastrointestinal
Upper gastrointestinal bleed
Lower gastrointestinal bleed
Occult gastrointestinal bleed
Urinary tract
Hematuria – blood in the urine from urinary bleeding
Gynecologic
Vaginal bleeding
Postpartum hemorrhage
Breakthrough bleeding
Ovarian bleeding – This is a potentially catastrophic and not so rare complication among lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing transvaginal oocyte retrieval.[7]
Anus
Melena – upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Hematochezia – lower gastrointestinal bleeding, or brisk upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Vascular
Ruptured Aneurysm
Aortic transection
Iatrogenic injury

Causes
See also: Wound

Bleeding arises due to either traumatic injury, underlying medical condition, or a combination.
Traumatic injury

Traumatic bleeding is caused by some type of injury. There are different types of wounds which may cause traumatic bleeding. These include:

Abrasion – Also called a graze, this is caused by transverse action of a foreign object against the skin, and usually does not penetrate below the epidermis.
Excoriation – In common with Abrasion, this is caused by mechanical destruction of the skin, although it usually has an underlying medical cause.
Hematoma – Caused by damage to a blood vessel that in turn causes blood to collect under the skin.
Laceration – Irregular wound caused by blunt impact to soft tissue overlying hard tissue or tearing such as in childbirth. In some instances, this can also be used to describe an incision.
Incision – A cut into a body tissue or organ, such as by a scalpel, made during surgery.
Puncture Wound – Caused by an object that penetrated the skin and underlying layers, such as a nail, needle or knife.
Contusion – Also known as a bruise, this is a blunt trauma damaging tissue under the surface of the skin.
Crushing Injuries – Caused by a great or extreme amount of force applied over a period of time. The extent of a crushing injury may not immediately present itself.
Ballistic Trauma – Caused by a projectile weapon such as a firearm. This may include two external wounds (entry and exit) and a contiguous wound between the two.