Enhanced Oil Recovery.
Chemical techniques account for about one percent of U.S. EOR production.
Surfactant reduce Interfacial Tension (IFT) by accumulating at the interface between water and oil
Crude oil development and production can include up to three distinct phases: primary, secondary, and tertiary (or enhanced) recovery. During primary recovery, the natural pressure of the reservoir or gravity drive oil into the wellbore, combined with artificial lift techniques (such as pumps) which bring the oil to the surface. But only about 10 percent of a reservoir's original oil in place is typically produced during primary recovery. Secondary recovery techniques extend a field's productive life generally by injecting water or gas to displace oil and drive it to a production wellbore, resulting in the recovery of 20 to 40 percent of the original oil in place.

However, with much of the easy-to-produce oil already recovered and producers have attempted several tertiary, or enhanced oil recovery (EOR), techniques that offer prospects for ultimately producing 30 to 60 percent, or more, of the reservoir's original oil in place. Three major categories of EOR have been found to be commercially successful to varying degrees:

Thermal recovery, which involves the introduction of heat such as the injection of steam to lower the viscosity, or thin, the heavy viscous oil, and improve its ability to flow through the reservoir. Thermal techniques account for over 40 percent of U.S. EOR production, primarily in California.
Gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (CO2) that expand in a reservoir to push additional oil to a production wellbore, or other gases that dissolve in the oil to lower its viscosity and improves its flow rate. Gas injection accounts for nearly 60 percent of EOR production in the United States.
Chemical injection, which can involve the use of long-chained molecules called polymers to increase the effectiveness of waterfloods, or the use of detergent-like surfactants to help lower the surface tension that often prevents oil droplets from moving through a reservoir.


Each of these techniques has been hampered by its relatively high cost and, in some cases, by the unpredictability of its effectiveness.

In the U.S., there are about 114 active commercial CO2 injection projects that together inject over 2 billion cubic feet of CO2 and produce over 280,000 BOPD (April 19, 2010, Oil and Gas Journal).


LINK FOR OTHER VIDEOS:
Glossary of oil and gas terms | API gravity
https://youtu.be/usGtU2q8_1c​
Oil and Gas Well Completion | Reservoir Rock Properties
https://youtu.be/NUB8E6QwDvk​
Oil and Gas Well Completion | Well Test & DST
https://youtu.be/8bkOtg08yuU​
Oil and Gas Well Completion | Cementing & Perforation
https://youtu.be/5S8Iw_KapPM​
Basic Well Control | Well Barriers
https://youtu.be/sW6BI4xFiz0​
Secondary Well Control | Explained
https://youtu.be/hIrXfQo1kf8​
Oil and Gas Well Completion | To complete or abandon?
https://youtu.be/icJZL3j7gyI​

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