?What is encapsulation in Python, and how is it implemented

Encapsulation is one of the fundamental principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) that involves bundling data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit, typically a class. In Python, encapsulation is implemented by defining class attributes as either public or private. Public attributes and methods can be accessed from outside the class, while private attributes and methods are intended to be accessed only within the class. To define private attributes or methods, you prefix their names with double underscores (__). For example: python Copy code class MyClass: def __init__(self, value): self.__private_value = value # Private attribute self.public_value = value # Public attribute def __private_method(self): return self.__private_value # Private method def public_method(self): return self.__private_method() # Public method calling a private method obj = MyClass(10) print(obj.public_value) # Accessing public attribute print(obj.public_method()) # Accessing public method # print(obj.__private_value) # This will raise an AttributeError # print(obj.__private_method()) # This will raise an AttributeError

?What is polymorphism in Python, and how does it enhance code flexibility

Polymorphism is a principle of OOP that allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass. It enables a single interface to represent different underlying forms (data types). Polymorphism is achieved through method overriding, where a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. In Python, polymorphism enhances code flexibility by allowing functions to use objects of different types as long as they follow a certain interface. This allows for writing more generic and reusable code. Example: python Copy code class Animal: def make_sound(self): raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement abstract method") class Dog(Animal): def make_sound(self): return "Woof!" class Cat(Animal): def make_sound(self): return "Meow!" def animal_sound(animal): print(animal.make_sound()) dog = Dog() cat = Cat() animal_sound(dog) # Output: Woof! animal_sound(cat) # Output: Meow! In this example, Dog and Cat classes both implement the make_sound method from the Animal class. The animal_sound function can take any object that follows the Animal interface, demonstrating polymorphism by calling the make_sound method on both Dog and Cat objects.

OOP concepts in python programming

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Lessons | 15